Who is Sam Altman?

OpenAI calls him its chief executive (OpenAI CEO Sam Altman).

Today, OpenAI CEO Sam Altman addressed the United Nations Security Council on artificial intelligence.

In his UN remarks he said no level of risk of catastrophe is acceptable.

It doesn’t matter whether people put the risk of catastrophe at 10%, or 1%, or 12%, or .1%. None of these levels are remotely acceptable.

At the UN he said OpenAI had slowed down on its own in the past and would do so in the future (his claim; the record of what he refers to was not found).

We have unilaterally slowed down in the past. We will do so in the future.

At the UN he asked for national and international frontier AI standards and accurate and speedy incident reporting, and said companies should not substitute for the democratic process.

it’s very important that companies not substitute for the democratic process. [...] We need a mechanism for complementary national and international frontier AI standards [...] We need accurate and speedy incident reporting

OpenAI's page of Sam Altman's remarks to the United Nations Security Council is dated 23 September 2026 and marks the text as remarks as delivered.

OpenAI September 23, 2026 [...] Sam Altman’s remarks at the United Nations Security Council [...] Today, OpenAI CEO Sam Altman addressed the United Nations Security Council on artificial intelligence. [...] Remarks as delivered

OpenAI signs his quotes as co-founder and CEO of OpenAI.

— Sam Altman, co-founder and CEO of OpenAI

On 27 February 2026 OpenAI said ChatGPT had more than 900 million weekly active users and more than 9 million paying business users.

OpenAI February 27, 2026 [...] with more than 900M weekly active users [...] More than 9 million paying business users rely on ChatGPT for work

OpenAI makes ChatGPT; it launched ChatGPT on 30 November 2022 as a research preview that was free to use.

We’ve trained a model called ChatGPT which interacts in a conversational way. ... During the research preview, usage of ChatGPT is free.

OpenAI's structure page lists CEO Sam Altman among the Foundation's directors.

OpenAI Foundation is governed by its board of directors, which is comprised of independent directors Bret Taylor (Chair), Adam D’Angelo [...] —as well as CEO Sam Altman.

At the close of the recapitalization the OpenAI Foundation held 26% of OpenAI Group, Microsoft roughly 27%, and current and former employees and investors 47%.

As of the closing of the recapitalization, the OpenAI Foundation holds a 26% equity stake in OpenAI Group, worth approximately $130B based on OpenAI Group’s current valuation. ... Also as of closing of the recapitalization, Microsoft holds roughly 27% of OpenAI Group, and the remaining 47% is held by current and former employees and investors.

On 1 September 2026 OpenAI said it had delayed parts of GPT-6 Astra’s development and release while it strengthened and tested protections.

we have delayed parts of Astra’s development and release while we strengthened and tested protections

OpenAI says GPT-6 Astra meets the Critical cybersecurity capability threshold under its Preparedness Framework, which it says means it can find and exploit previously unknown security flaws across many well-protected systems without a person guiding each step; it says Astra was not involved in the Hugging Face incident.

We now believe Astra meets the Critical cybersecurity capability threshold under our Preparedness Framework ... meaning that with the right tools and access, it can find previously unknown security flaws and develop ways to exploit them across many well-protected systems without a person guiding each step ... While Astra was not involved in the Hugging Face incident

Daniel Kokotajlo, introduced by the chair as a former governance researcher at OpenAI, told a US Senate Homeland Security subcommittee hearing, published in full by CBS News on 30 September 2026, that three AI company leaders, Altman and Musk among them, had agreed on the need to pace the frontier but had not meaningfully done so (34:31). The captions give the first name as "Ammeday".

Altman, and Musk have all agreed on the need to pace the frontier, but they haven't meaningfully paced the frontier yet. ... Daniel Kokotajlo, former OpenAI researcher

On 7 October 2026 OpenAI began rolling out GPT-6 in ChatGPT, which it says more than 1.2 billion people use each week.

a new GPT‑6 model built for more than 1.2 billion people who use ChatGPT each week ... GPT‑6 with Intelligent UI starts rolling out globally to ChatGPT Plus, Pro, Business and Enterprise tiers today in the Chat tab. Starting tomorrow, the rollout expands to Free and Go tiers.

Since 7 October 2026 GPT-6 in ChatGPT's Chat experience runs on GPT-6 Sol for the Plus, Pro, Business and Enterprise tiers and on GPT-6 Luna for the Free and Go tiers.

OpenAI October 7, 2026 [...] GPT‑6 in ChatGPT is powered by GPT‑6 Sol for Plus, Pro, Business, and Enterprise tiers, and GPT‑6 Luna for Free and Go tiers. [...] This update applies to the Chat experience in ChatGPT.

OpenAI sells ChatGPT Enterprise to companies (28 August 2023) and says it does not train on business data or conversations.

We do not train on your business data or conversations, and our models don’t learn from your usage.

OpenAI introduced GPT-5.4 on 5 March 2026.

GPT‑5.4 is the first general-purpose model we’ve released with native, state-of-the-art computer-use capabilities

OpenAI released GPT-5.5 on 23 April 2026.

We’re releasing GPT‑5.5, our smartest and most intuitive to use model yet

OpenAI launched the GPT-5.6 family on 9 July 2026; on 30 July 2026 it cut the price of GPT-5.6 Luna by 80% and GPT-5.6 Terra by 20%.

We’re launching the GPT‑5.6 family of models for general availability following our limited preview ... Update on July 30, 2026: OpenAI reduced the price of GPT‑5.6 Luna by 80% and GPT‑5.6 Terra by 20%.

OpenAI introduced GPT-6 Astra on 3 September 2026 and calls it the world's most intelligent and aligned model; the superlative and the benchmark scores are OpenAI's own.

We’re introducing GPT‑6 Astra, the world’s most intelligent and aligned model.

On 22 September 2026 OpenAI introduced GPT-6 Sol and Luna and cut their API prices by 50% against their GPT-5.6 promotional pricing.

we’re expanding the GPT‑6 universe with GPT‑6 Sol and GPT‑6 Luna. ... reducing API prices for Sol and Luna by 50% compared with their GPT‑5.6 promotional pricing

On 29 September 2026 OpenAI introduced GPT-6.1 Sol, which it says nearly matches Astra at one-fifth of Astra's standard token prices (OpenAI's own evaluations).

nearly matches GPT-6 Astra’s intelligence on agentic coding, computer use, and professional work at one-fifth of Astra’s standard input and output token prices.

In “Three Observations” (9 February 2025) he wrote that the cost to use a given level of AI falls about 10x every 12 months.

The cost to use a given level of AI falls about 10x every 12 months

In “Three Observations” he wrote that the balance of power between capital and labour could easily get messed up and may require early intervention.

it does seem like the balance of power between capital and labor could easily get messed up, and this may require early intervention.

OpenAI's workspace agents became generally available in ChatGPT Business, Enterprise and Edu on 22 April 2026.

Workspace agents are now generally available in ChatGPT Business, Enterprise, and Edu

On 5 February 2026 OpenAI introduced Frontier, a platform for companies to build, deploy and manage AI agents, available at first to a limited set of customers.

Today, we’re introducing Frontier, a new platform that helps enterprises build, deploy, and manage AI agents that can do real work. ... Frontier is available today to a limited set of customers, with broader availability coming over the next few months.

On 29 September 2026 OpenAI began rolling out dots, which it calls always-on agents, on Pro, Business Premium and Enterprise plans.

Dots are remarkably capable, always-on agents built to handle everything. ... We’re beginning to roll out dots across Pro, Business Premium, and Enterprise plans in eligible markets.

OpenAI's DevDay 2026 recap says dots for Enterprise is a beta that is off by default until the workspace admin enables it.

off by default

At the OpenAI town hall (published by OpenAI on 26 January 2026) he said that when he first started using Codex he was sure he would not give it complete unsupervised access to his computer, and then lasted about 2 hours (39:00).

when I first started using codeex I said look I don't know how this is going to go but for sure I'm not going to give this thing like complete unsupervised access to my computer I was so confident in that and I lasted about like 2 hours

At OpenAI's town hall (26 January 2026), asked how OpenAI's hiring interviews had changed, he said OpenAI planned to slow down how quickly it grows because "we think we'll be able to do so much more with fewer people" (48:38), and that the right approach would be to "hire more slowly but keep hiring" (49:20).

how did the interview have changed in past month or years? I we're going to keep hiring software developers [...] we we are planning to dramatically slow down how quickly we grow um because we think we'll be able to do so much more with fewer people. [...] so I think the right approach for us will be to hire more slowly but keep hiring

At Stripe Sessions 2026 (28-30 April 2026), asked what the organisations using AI most effectively do differently, he named being uncomfortably permissive with data access, said there were huge reasons not to do it, and stopped short of recommending it.

A second thing is being like uncomfortably permissive with data access. There’s huge reasons not to do this and this is like, I’m stopping short of recommendation. You just ask what I’ve seen from the most effective companies.

At Stripe Sessions 2026 (28-30 April 2026), asked by Patrick Collison for his advice for Stripe on navigating the AI era, he said to adopt AI, especially internally, but not to assume the whole socioeconomic system reconfigures.

what’s your advice for Stripe on navigating the AI era? [...] my advice would be like adopt AI, especially internally, use AI to build better products, but don’t assume that the entire socioeconomic system completely reconfigures. I think the world has gotten a little bit delusional about this. [...] Join us 28–30 April in San Francisco

OpenAI says that in July 2026, during internal cybersecurity evaluations in which the models operated under reduced safeguards, its models circumvented controls designed to isolate them from the internet and compromised parts of its own research infrastructure and Hugging Face's systems.

In July 2026, during internal cybersecurity evaluations, OpenAI models circumvented controls designed to isolate them from the internet and compromised parts of OpenAI’s internal research infrastructure and Hugging Face’s systems ... The models, operating under reduced safeguards, took actions that were misaligned with the goals of their assigned tasks

In its findings of 26 August 2026 OpenAI called the incident a warning shot for itself and for the world.

OpenAI August 26, 2026 [...] We consider this incident a “warning shot” for us and for the world

OpenAI says it worked with external advisors, including CrowdStrike, to validate its understanding of the incident, and that METR and Redwood Research separately conducted an independent investigation of model alignment issues involved in it.

worked closely with external advisors, including CrowdStrike, to validate our understanding. [...] Separately, METR and Redwood Research conducted an independent investigation of model alignment issues involved in this incident

On 22 September 2026 OpenAI said it is committed to supporting independent assessments with deep access, and that it has long worked with third party assessors.

OpenAI is committed to supporting independent assessments with deep levels of access across training, evaluation, and deployment. ... We have long worked with third party assessors at various stages of the model development and deployment process.

Since 25 November 2025 OpenAI lets eligible business customers of ChatGPT Enterprise, ChatGPT Edu and its API store data in certain regions (data residency), Europe among them.

Data residency is currently available in Europe, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, India, Australia, and the United Arab Emirates.

On 18 August 2026 OpenAI said ChatGPT Ads would expand to 31 European countries, Norway among them, shown only on the Free and Go plans.

ChatGPT Ads will expand to 31 European countries, including Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Austria. ... ads will be shown only to users on the Free and Go plans. Plus, Pro, and Enterprise subscriptions will remain ad-free.

In March 2012 Loopt, a mobile location start-up whose chief executive was Sam Altman, agreed to be acquired by the banking company Green Dot in a deal worth $43.4 million in cash, including $9.8 million set aside in retention payments for key Loopt employees.

Mobile location start-up Loopt will be acquired by the banking company Green Dot, best-known for its prepaid cards. The deal is worth $43.4 million in cash, though that includes $9.8 million set aside in retention payments for key Loopt employees. ... In a phone interview this morning, Loopt CEO Sam Altman described the deal as an opportunity to make location more accountable.

Paul Graham, Y Combinator's co-founder, wrote that Altman was one of the founders in the first batch YC funded, in 2005.

And his association with Y Combinator is only about a month shorter than mine, because he was one of the founders in the first batch we funded, in 2005.

On 21 February 2014 Paul Graham announced that Altman would become president of Y Combinator.

I’m delighted to announce that Sam Altman has agreed to become president of Y Combinator starting next batch. I’ll continue to do office hours with startups, but Sam is going to lead YC.

OpenAI was announced on 11 December 2015 as a nonprofit, with Sam Altman and Elon Musk as co-chairs and $1 billion committed by its funders.

OpenAI’s co-chairs are Sam Altman and Elon Musk. ... In total, these funders have committed $1 billion, although we expect to only spend a tiny fraction of this in the next few years.

On 11 March 2019 OpenAI created OpenAI LP, which it called a capped-profit company, and listed Sam Altman (CEO) on the nonprofit's board.

Our solution is to create OpenAI LP as a hybrid of a for-profit and nonprofit—which we are calling a “capped-profit” company. ... OpenAI Nonprofit’s board consists of OpenAI LP employees Greg Brockman (Chairman & CTO), Ilya Sutskever (Chief Scientist), and Sam Altman (CEO)

OpenAI says Elon Musk left the board of OpenAI Nonprofit in February 2018.

Elon Musk left the board of OpenAI Nonprofit in February 2018 and is not formally involved with OpenAI LP.

On 20 May 2019 he announced that Geoff Ralston was taking over as president of Y Combinator, so that he could focus more fully on OpenAI.

I’m delighted to announce that Geoff Ralston is taking over for me as President of YC. ... Working on OpenAI has been more exciting (and more complex) than I ever imagined, and I’m excited to be able to focus on it more fully.

On 17 November 2023 the OpenAI board announced that he would leave as chief executive and from the board, after what it called a deliberative review process by the board, which concluded that he was not consistently candid in his communications with the board.

Mr. Altman’s departure follows a deliberative review process by the board, which concluded that he was not consistently candid in his communications with the board, hindering its ability to exercise its responsibilities. The board no longer has confidence in his ability to continue leading OpenAI.

The notice named the board as Ilya Sutskever, OpenAI's chief scientist, and independent directors Adam D’Angelo, Tasha McCauley and Helen Toner.

OpenAI’s board of directors consists of OpenAI chief scientist Ilya Sutskever, independent directors Quora CEO Adam D’Angelo, technology entrepreneur Tasha McCauley, and Georgetown Center for Security and Emerging Technology’s Helen Toner.

On 29 November 2023 OpenAI announced he was returning as chief executive, with a new initial board of Bret Taylor (chair), Larry Summers and Adam D’Angelo.

I am returning to OpenAI as CEO. Mira will return to her role as CTO. The new initial board will consist of Bret Taylor (Chair), Larry Summers, and Adam D’Angelo.

The new board promised a review overseen by an independent committee, which chose lawyers from WilmerHale (update of 8 December 2023).

This will include convening an independent committee of the Board to oversee a review of the recent events. ... ultimately selected Anjan Sahni and Hallie B. Levin from WilmerHale.

OpenAI's summary of 8 March 2024: WilmerHale found a breakdown in trust between the prior board and Altman, and that the board's decision did not arise from concerns about product safety or security, the pace of development, finances or statements to investors, customers or partners.

WilmerHale found there was a breakdown in trust between the prior Board and Mr. Altman that precipitated the events of November 17. ... WilmerHale also found that the prior Board’s decision did not arise out of concerns regarding product safety or security, the pace of development, OpenAI’s finances, or its statements to investors, customers, or business partners.

WilmerHale found the prior board acted within its broad discretion to remove him, but that his conduct did not mandate removal.

WilmerHale found that the prior Board acted within its broad discretion to terminate Mr. Altman, but also found that his conduct did not mandate removal.

On 8 March 2024 he rejoined the board as chief executive, and the board adopted new governance guidelines, a stronger conflict-of-interest policy and a whistleblower hotline.

Sam Altman, as CEO, will rejoin the OpenAI Board of Directors. ... Key enhancements include: Adopting a new set of corporate governance guidelines; Strengthening OpenAI’s Conflict of Interest Policy; Creating a whistleblower hotline

The New Yorker reported (6 April 2026) that, according to people involved, no written report was produced and the findings were limited to oral briefings; Bret Taylor said the review was thorough and independent and that, in light of the oral briefings, there was no need for a formal written report.

People involved in the investigation said that no report was released because none was written. ... there had been “no need for a formal written report.” ... Instead, the findings were limited to oral briefings, shared with Summers and Taylor. ... Taylor also said that the review was “thorough and independent.” ... Taylor said that, in light of the oral briefings, there had been “no need for a formal written report.”

The New Yorker (6 April 2026) quotes his 2015 post on superhuman machine intelligence as written on his blog.

He wrote on his blog in 2015 that superhuman machine intelligence “does not have to be the inherently evil sci-fi version to kill us all.

In “Reflections” (January 2025) he wrote that he got fired by surprise on a video call, and called the event a big failure of governance by well-meaning people, himself included.

I got fired by surprise on a video call, and then right after we hung up the board published a blog post about it. ... The whole event was, in my opinion, a big failure of governance by well-meaning people, myself included.

In January 2025 he wrote that OpenAI is confident it knows how to build AGI as traditionally understood, and that AI agents may join the workforce in 2025.

We are now confident we know how to build AGI as we have traditionally understood it. We believe that, in 2025, we may see the first AI agents “join the workforce” and materially change the output of companies.

"Reflections" looks back on ChatGPT's launch and his November 2023 firing; he wrote: "We grew from about 100 million weekly active users to more than 300 million."

I got fired by surprise on a video call [...] We grew from about 100 million weekly active users to more than 300 million.

In a blog post of 10 April 2026 he wrote that he was not proud of handling himself badly in a conflict with the previous board.

I am not proud of handling myself badly in a conflict with our previous board that led to a huge mess for the company.

Helen Toner, a former OpenAI board member, said on The TED AI Show (28 May 2024) that for years Altman made it difficult for the board to do its job by withholding information, misrepresenting things and, in some cases, outright lying to the board, and that the board learned about ChatGPT on Twitter.

But for years, Sam had made it really difficult for the board to actually do that job by, you know, withholding information. Misrepresenting things that were happening at the company, in some cases outright lying to the board. ... We learned about ChatGPT on Twitter.

The same episode read a statement from Bret Taylor, chair of the OpenAI board, saying the board was disappointed that Toner continued to revisit these issues and that over 95% of employees had asked for Altman's reinstatement.

We've just received a response from Brett Taylor, chair of the OpenAI board, and here's the statement in full. Quote, we are [00:39:00] disappointed that Ms. Toner continues to revisit these issues. ... Additionally, over 95% of employees, including senior leadership, asked for Sam's reinstatement as CEO and the resignation of the prior board.

Toner and Tasha McCauley wrote in The Economist (26 May 2024) that self-governance cannot reliably withstand the pressure of profit incentives.

based on our experience, we believe that self-governance cannot reliably withstand the pressure of profit incentives.

On 5 May 2025 OpenAI said its nonprofit would continue to control the company and its for-profit LLC would become a public benefit corporation; Altman wrote the letter to staff.

Going forward, it will continue to be overseen and controlled by that nonprofit. ... Our for-profit LLC, which has been under the nonprofit since 2019, will transition to a Public Benefit Corporation (PBC)–a purpose-driven company structure that has to consider the interests of both shareholders and the mission.

In the letter he wrote that OpenAI is not a normal company and never will be.

OpenAI is not a normal company and never will be.

On 28 October 2025 OpenAI completed its recapitalization; the nonprofit remains in control of the for-profit.

OpenAI has completed its recapitalization, simplifying its corporate structure. The nonprofit remains in control of the for-profit

Delaware's Attorney General Kathy Jennings issued a Statement of No Objection on 28 October 2025 after securing commitments as a condition; among them, the nonprofit's safety and security committee will have power to require measures up to and including halting the release of models.

Attorney General Kathy Jennings announced today that her office has issued a Statement of No Objection to the proposed corporate recapitalization transaction of Open AI, Inc. ... It will have the power and authority to require mitigation measures—up to and including halting the release of models or AI systems—even where the applicable risk thresholds would otherwise permit release. ... As a condition to issuing her Statement of No Objection, Attorney General Jennings secured the following commitments

The Midas Project and the Tech Oversight Project published “The OpenAI Files” on 18 June 2025, which they describe as a collection of documented concerns about OpenAI's governance, leadership integrity and culture.

The OpenAI Files is the most comprehensive collection to date of documented concerns with governance practices, leadership integrity, and organizational culture at OpenAI.

At the Senate hearing of 16 May 2023, asked by Senator Kennedy whether he made a lot of money, he said he was paid enough for health insurance and had no equity in OpenAI.

No. I'm paid enough for health insurance. I have no equity in OpenAI. ... Senator Kennedy. Okay. You make a lot of money, do you?

On 16 May 2023 he testified to the US Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology, and the Law, with Christina Montgomery of IBM and Gary Marcus, at the hearing “Oversight of A.I.: Rules for Artificial Intelligence”.

OVERSIGHT OF A.I.: RULES FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ---------- TUESDAY, MAY 16, 2023 United States Senate, Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology, and the Law, Committee on the Judiciary [...] Montgomery, Christina, chief privacy and trust officer, IBM [...] Marcus, Gary, Professor Emeritus, New York University

Asked by Senator Kennedy for two or three reforms or regulations he would implement "if you were queen or king for a day", he said that, number one, he would form a new agency to license any effort above a certain scale of capabilities.

Please tell me, in plain English, two or three reforms, regulations, if any, that you would implement if you were queen or king for a day. [...] Mr. Altman, here's your shot. Mr. Altman. Thank you, Senator. Number one, I would form a new agency that licenses any effort above a certain scale of capabilities and can take that license away and ensure compliance with safety standards.

At the same hearing he said that if the technology goes wrong it can go quite wrong.

I think if this technology goes wrong, it can go quite wrong, and we want to be vocal about that. We want to work with the Government to prevent that from happening.

Gary Marcus, professor emeritus at New York University, testified at the same hearing that missions drift, and that OpenAI was largely beholden to Microsoft.

STATEMENT OF GARY MARCUS, PROFESSOR EMERITUS, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY [...] Missions drift. [...] Seven years later, they're largely beholden to Microsoft

At the Senate in May 2023 he said GPT-4 and similar systems are good at doing tasks, not jobs.

GPT-4 and other systems like it are good at doing tasks, not jobs.

On 31 March 2026 OpenAI said it had closed a round of $122 billion in committed capital at a post-money valuation of $852 billion.

Today, we closed our latest funding round with $122 billion in committed capital at a post money valuation of $852 billion.

On 8 June 2026 OpenAI said it had confidentially submitted a draft S-1 registration statement to the SEC and had not decided on timing.

We recently submitted a confidential S-1. We expect it to leak so we’re just announcing it. We have not decided on timing yet; it may be a while because there are things we want to do that are likely easier as a private company.

On 5 August 2024 Elon Musk sued Samuel Altman, Gregory Brockman and OpenAI entities in federal court in Northern California (Musk v. Altman, 4:24-cv-04722, Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers); a first amended complaint of 14 November 2024, filed by Musk, Shivon Zilis and X.AI Corp., added Microsoft among the defendants.

Date Filed: Aug. 5, 2024 ... COMPLAINT with Jury Demand against Aestas Management Company, LLC, Aestas, LLC, Samuel Altman, Gregory Brockman, OAI Corporation, LLC ... Filed by Elon Musk. ... VERIFIED FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT against ... Shivon Zilis, X.AI Corp., Deannah Templeton, Reid Hoffman, Microsoft Corp., Rob Bonta. Filed by Elon Musk, Shivon Zilis, X.AI Corp.. ... (Filed on 11/14/2024)

On 10 August 2026 Musk and xAI answered OpenAI's counterclaims (docket entry 609).

ANSWER to Counterclaim (Dkt. 229) by Elon Musk, X.AI Corp..

The docket as mirrored by CourtListener on 19 October 2026 showed no notice of appeal among its newest entries.

Last Updated: Oct. 19, 2026

The docket of Musk v. Altman lists entry 572, JURY VERDICT, dated 18 May 2026.

572 May 18, 2026 Main Document Jury Verdict [...] JURY VERDICT. (eac, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 5/18/2026) (Entered: 05/18/2026)

The court's order of 15 January 2026 describes the case as a dispute over large charitable donations Musk made to OpenAI in its infancy and Microsoft's later investments; Musk's claims against the OpenAI defendants include breach of charitable trust, constructive fraud, promissory fraud and unjust enrichment; it denied OpenAI's motion for summary judgment.

This action arises from a contentious dispute between Elon Musk and Samuel Altman (and their respective companies) over large, charitable donations that Musk made to OpenAI, Inc. during the company's infancy and Microsoft's later investments in OpenAI, Inc.'s for-profit ventures. ... DENIES OpenAI defendants' motion ... move for summary judgment on Musk's claims for breach of charitable trust, constructive fraud, promissory fraud, and unjust enrichment

OpenAI's published account (5 March 2024) says Musk wanted majority equity, initial board control and to be CEO.

Elon wanted majority equity, initial board control, and to be CEO.

An advisory jury found Musk's trial claims barred by the statute of limitations; the judge adopted the verdict at trial and confirmed it, with her statements on the record, as her findings in an order dated 20 May 2026.

the advisory jury found that plaintiff's trial claims are barred by the statute of limitations. ... ADOPTED THE JURY VERDICT ... The Court further reaffirms that it ADOPTED THE JURY VERDICT AND HEREBY ADOPTS its statements on the record at trial concerning the advisory verdict

The Decoder reported on 18 May 2026 that the jury had rejected Musk's claims on statute of limitations grounds and that the judge upheld the verdict.

Original article, May 18, 2026: Elon Musk loses his $134 billion lawsuit against OpenAI after jury deliberates for just two hours ... The jury rejected Musk's claims based on the statute of limitations. ... Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers upheld the jury's verdict

On 1 July 2026 the court appointed a mediator for all claims that have not reached final judgment.

The Court APPOINTS R. David Proctor as Mediator in this action. ... all claims that have not reached Final Judgment.

In May 2025 he wrote that he remains CEO and will directly oversee research, compute and applications, as Fidji Simo became CEO of Applications.

I remain the CEO of OpenAI and will continue to directly oversee success across all pillars of OpenAI – Research, Compute, and Applications

On 31 March 2025 OpenAI said 500 million people use ChatGPT every week.

for the 500 million people who use ChatGPT every week.

In his post of 13 May 2024 he wrote that OpenAI had made the best model in the world available for free in ChatGPT, without ads.

I am very proud that we’ve made the best model in the world available for free in ChatGPT, without ads or anything like that.

OpenAI introduced Codex on 16 May 2025 as a cloud-based software engineering agent.

a cloud-based software engineering agent that can work on many tasks in parallel

On 2 June 2026 OpenAI said Codex had more than 5 million weekly active users, about 20 percent of them knowledge workers.

Codex now has more than 5 million weekly active users, up more than 6x since the launch of the desktop app in February. While developers remain the largest user group, knowledge workers now represent about 20 percent of users

On 5 August 2025 OpenAI released open-weight models (gpt-oss) under the Apache 2.0 licence.

Available under the flexible Apache 2.0 license

Stargate, announced on 21 January 2025, is a new company that intends to invest $500 billion over four years in AI infrastructure for OpenAI in the United States.

The Stargate Project is a new company which intends to invest $500 billion over the next four years building new AI infrastructure for OpenAI in the United States. We will begin deploying $100 billion immediately.

At the White House on 21 January 2025, with President Trump, Masayoshi Son and Larry Ellison, he said Stargate would be the most important project of this era.

Remarks on Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure Development and an Exchange With Reporters January 21, 2025 [...] OpenAI Chief Executive Officer Sam Altman. I don't have too much to add [...] I think this will be the most important project of this era. [...] The President spoke at 5:19 p.m. in the East Room at the White House.

In his remarks at the White House on 21 January 2025, President Trump introduced Larry Ellison, Masayoshi Son and Sam Altman and said they were announcing the formation of Stargate; Altman spoke after Son.

We're joined by Oracle executive chairman, Larry Ellison; Softbank CEO, my friend Masa—Masayoshi Son; and CEO of OpenAI [...] Sam Altman. [...] Together, these world-leading technology giants are announcing the formation of Stargate. [...] Mr. Son. Sam. OpenAI Chief Executive Officer Sam Altman. I don't have too much to add [...] NOTE: The President spoke at 5:19 p.m. in the East Room at the White House.

On 22 September 2025 NVIDIA and OpenAI announced a letter of intent to deploy at least 10 gigawatts of NVIDIA systems; NVIDIA intends to invest up to $100 billion in OpenAI as each gigawatt is deployed.

NVIDIA intends to invest up to $100 billion in OpenAI progressively as each gigawatt is deployed. ... NVIDIA and OpenAI today announced a letter of intent for a landmark strategic partnership to deploy at least 10 gigawatts of NVIDIA systems for OpenAI’s next-generation AI infrastructure

On 6 October 2025 AMD and OpenAI announced a partnership to deploy 6 gigawatts of AMD GPUs.

The first 1 gigawatt deployment of AMD Instinct MI450 GPUs is set to begin in the second half of 2026.

On 13 October 2025 OpenAI and Broadcom announced a collaboration to deploy 10 gigawatts of accelerators that OpenAI designs.

OpenAI will design the accelerators and systems, which will be developed and deployed in partnership with Broadcom.

In “Abundant Intelligence” (23 September 2025) he wrote that OpenAI wants a factory producing a gigawatt of new AI infrastructure every week, an aim that will take years.

Our vision is simple: we want to create a factory that can produce a gigawatt of new AI infrastructure every week. The execution of this will be extremely difficult; it will take us years to get to this milestone and it will require innovation at every level of the stack, from chips to power to building to robotics.

OpenAI announced Stargate Norway with Nscale and Aker on 31 July 2025, planned to deliver 230MW of capacity.

Stargate Norway is planned to deliver 230MW of capacity, with ambitions to expand by an additional 290MW.

OpenAI's chief financial officer, Sarah Friar, wrote on 18 January 2026 that revenue grew 10X from 2023 to 2025: "$2B ARR in 2023, $6B in 2024, and $20B+ in 2025".

$2B ARR in 2023, $6B in 2024, and $20B+ in 2025

Under the amended agreement of 27 April 2026, Microsoft keeps a licence to OpenAI's models and products through 2032 that is now non-exclusive, and OpenAI can serve its products on any cloud.

OpenAI April 27, 2026 [...] OpenAI can now serve all its products to customers across any cloud provider. Microsoft will continue to have a license to OpenAI IP for models and products through 2032. Microsoft’s license will now be non-exclusive.

Under the amended agreement of 27 April 2026, Microsoft remains OpenAI's primary cloud partner, and OpenAI products will ship first on Azure unless Microsoft cannot and chooses not to support the necessary capabilities.

OpenAI April 27, 2026 [...] Today, we are announcing an amended agreement [...] Microsoft remains OpenAI’s primary cloud partner, and OpenAI products will ship first on Azure, unless Microsoft cannot and chooses not to support the necessary capabilities.

OpenAI's Charter (9 April 2018) says its mission is to ensure that AGI, highly autonomous systems that outperform humans at most economically valuable work, benefits all of humanity.

OpenAI’s mission is to ensure that artificial general intelligence (AGI)—by which we mean highly autonomous systems that outperform humans at most economically valuable work—benefits all of humanity.

OpenAI's Frontier Governance Framework (28 May 2026) explains how its safety practices align with California's Transparency in Frontier AI Act and the EU AI Act's Code of Practice for General Purpose AI.

explains how our safety and security practices align with emerging legal requirements, including California’s Transparency in Frontier AI Act and the EU AI Act’s Code of Practice for General Purpose AI.

OpenAI says it was the first US company to sign the EU's General-Purpose AI Code of Practice; the first is OpenAI's own claim.

OpenAI was the first US company to sign the EU’s General-Purpose AI Code of Practice

Zephyr Teachout, a professor at Fordham Law School, said in an interview published on Marcus on AI on 30 September 2026 that the Justice Department should not take OpenAI's account at face value.

OpenAI says no one intended any of this but the DOJ would be a laughingstock if it took this at face value: subpoena OpenAI and find out who knew what when. ... Zephyr Teachout, professor at Fordham Law School

Tools for Humanity, the company behind World, says it was founded in 2019 by Alex Blania (CEO) and Sam Altman (Chairman).

Founded in 2019 by Alex Blania (CEO) and Sam Altman (Chairman).

On 8 October 2025 the Philippines' National Privacy Commission ordered Tools for Humanity to stop processing personal data for World in the Philippines, finding that paying people for iris scans made their consent not freely given.

The NPC determined that offering monetary incentives to individuals in exchange for submitting to iris scanning constituted undue influence. This rendered the consent obtained not freely given, and therefore invalid under the DPA and relevant NPC issuances. ... The Order directs TFH to immediately stop all personal data processing activities related to the World App, Orb verification, and all associated systems and platforms in the Philippines

On 15 January 2026 OpenAI said it was taking part in the seed round of Merge Labs, a brain-computer interface research lab whose co-founders include Sam Altman in a personal capacity.

This is why OpenAI is participating in Merge Labs’ seed round. ... They are complemented by technology entrepreneurs Alex Blania, Sandro Herbig and Sam Altman in a personal capacity.

On 23 March 2026 TechCrunch reported a statement from Helion's co-founder and chief executive, David Kirtley, that Altman was stepping down from Helion's board after more than a decade, a decision that "enables Helion and OpenAI to partner on future opportunities".

Sam is stepping down from Helion’s Board of Directors after more than a decade. This decision enables Helion and OpenAI to partner on future opportunities to bring zero-carbon, safe electricity to the world

He wrote in 2021 that he first invested in Helion in 2014.

When I first invested in them back in 2014

In “Governance of superintelligence” (22 May 2023), written with Greg Brockman and Ilya Sutskever, he wrote that the world is likely to need something like an IAEA for superintelligence efforts.

Second, we are likely to eventually need something like an IAEA for superintelligence efforts; any effort above a certain capability (or resources like compute) threshold will need to be subject to an international authority that can inspect systems, require audits, test for compliance with safety standards, place restrictions on degrees of deployment and levels of security, etc.

Andrew Ng, writing in The Batch on 25 October 2023 and naming no company, argued that licences for large AI models would impede open source and slow innovation.

Some lobbyists for large companies — some of which would prefer not to have to compete with open source — are trying to convince policy makers that AI is so dangerous, governments should require licenses for large AI models. If enacted, such regulation would impede open source development and dramatically slow down innovation.

At TED in April 2025, asked whether he still believed in his licensing proposal, he said he did not think it was quite the right policy proposal (28:16).

Do you still believe in that policy proposal? SA: I have learned more about how the government works. I don't think this is quite the right policy proposal.

At TED in April 2025 he said OpenAI was going to do a very powerful open-source model (08:06).

How much were you shaken up by the arrival of DeepSeek? SA: I think open source has an important place. [...] We're going to do a very powerful open-source model.

TED published his TED2025 conversation with Chris Anderson on 12 April 2025 (47 minutes).

Live at TED2025 | TED | 2025-04-12 [...] live conversation with head of TED Chris Anderson

In his prepared statement to the Senate Commerce Committee (8 May 2025) he called AGI a weakly defined term and said OpenAI was confident of reaching it during President Trump's time in office.

AGI is a weakly defined term, but generally speaking we mean it to be a system that can tackle increasingly complex problems, at human level, in many fields. [...] we are now confident that we'll reach that milestone during President Trump's time in office.

Asked by the committee's chairman, Ted Cruz, how harmful it would be if America followed the EU and created a heavy-handed prior-approval regulatory process for AI, he said it would be disastrous.

How harmful would it be to winning the race for AI if America goes down the road of the EU and creates a heavy handed prior approval government regulatory process for AI? Mr. Altman. I think that would be disastrous.

On 28 February 2026 OpenAI said it had reached an agreement with the Pentagon to deploy advanced AI systems in classified environments, with three main red lines: no mass domestic surveillance, no directing autonomous weapons and no high-stakes automated decisions.

OpenAI February 28, 2026 [...] Yesterday we reached an agreement with the Pentagon for deploying advanced AI systems in classified environments [...] We have three main red lines that guide our work with the DoW, which are generally shared by several other frontier labs: No use of OpenAI technology for mass domestic surveillance. No use of OpenAI technology to direct autonomous weapons systems. No use of OpenAI technology for high-stakes automated decisions

OpenAI said it thinks its agreement has more guardrails than any previous agreement for classified AI deployments, including Anthropic's, and that Anthropic should not be designated a supply chain risk.

We think our agreement has more guardrails than any previous agreement for classified AI deployments, including Anthropic’s. [...] Do you think Anthropic should be designated as a “supply chain risk”? No, and we have made our position on this clear to the government.

On the Sources podcast (1 September 2026), asked about the US government now vetting models after his 2025 Senate answer, he said that what he had pushed back on was the government picking individual customers, and that government testing of a model and shared standards is a super good idea (48:31).

I think what I was pushing back on was the government like picking individual customers of who's who's allowed to use a model. I think government testing of a model and shared standards is a super good idea.

On the Sources podcast (1 September 2026) he called AGI a very poorly defined term (24:41).

How are you feeling about AGI these days? >> I mean, at best you could say it's a very poorly defined term. I was going to say it's like an irrelevant marketing term.

On the Sources podcast (1 September 2026) he said there is going to be real jobs impact (35:29), but that the job impact has been lower than he would have expected, maybe even hoped for (36:05).

On the jobs front, I have two minds of this. One, I think there is going to be real jobs impact. [...] On the other hand, the job impact has been like lower than I would have expected, maybe even hoped for.

The Sources podcast with Alex Heath published “Sam Altman on Astra, AGI, and the future of OpenAI” on 1 September 2026 (1 hour 8 minutes).

Sam Altman on Astra, AGI, and the future of OpenAI | Sources Podcast | 2026-09-01 [...] Follow Alex Heath and subscribe to Sources

In February 2015 he wrote that the development of superhuman machine intelligence is probably the greatest threat to the continued existence of humanity.

Development of superhuman machine intelligence (SMI) [1] is probably the greatest threat to the continued existence of humanity.

In “The Intelligence Age” (23 September 2024) he wrote that superintelligence is possible in a few thousand days.

The Intelligence Age September 23, 2024 [...] It is possible that we will have superintelligence in a few thousand days (!); it may take longer, but I’m confident we’ll get there.

“The Intelligence Age” (23 September 2024) is on his site ia.samaltman.com; in it he wrote: In three words: deep learning worked.

In three words: deep learning worked.

In “The Gentle Singularity” (10 June 2025) he forecast systems that figure out novel insights in 2026 and robots doing real-world tasks in 2027.

2025 has seen the arrival of agents that can do real cognitive work; writing computer code will never be the same. 2026 will likely see the arrival of systems that can figure out novel insights. 2027 may see the arrival of robots that can do tasks in the real world.

In June 2025 he wrote that whole classes of jobs will go away, and that the world will be richer.

There will be very hard parts like whole classes of jobs going away, but on the other hand the world will be getting so much richer so quickly

He wrote that experts will probably stay better than novices as long as they embrace the new tools.

experts will probably still be much better than novices, as long as they embrace the new tools.

“The Gentle Singularity” (10 June 2025) opens his argument that the takeoff has started.

We are past the event horizon; the takeoff has started.

Karen Hao, journalist and author of Empire of AI, said on Democracy Now! (4 July 2025) that there is no scientific evidence AGI can be developed and that the conviction it will come soon is based on belief.

Story July 04, 2025 [...] Because there’s no scientific evidence that we can actually develop AGI, the people who are strongly — have this strong conviction that they will do it and that it’s going to happen soon, it is just purely based on belief. [...] author of Empire of AI: Dreams and Nightmares in Sam Altman’s OpenAI

Karen Hao called for guardrails to move AI companies from labour-automating to labour-assistive technologies.

And we need more — some kind of more guardrails to actually prevent these companies from continuing to try and develop labor-automating technologies, and try to shift them to producing labor-assistive technologies.

On Democracy Now! (4 July 2025) Karen Hao called for guardrails to move AI companies from labour-automating to labour-assistive technologies.

Story July 04, 2025 [...] She came into our studio in May. [...] KAREN HAO: [...] And we need more — some kind of more guardrails to actually prevent these companies from continuing to try and develop labor-automating technologies, and try to shift them to producing labor-assistive technologies.

In the Fortune interview (12 September 2026), asked whether OpenAI would stop if it could not control its models, he said: "I do not think we should train models where we cannot make a safety case for why we will be able to make strong statements about their controllability and alignment" (10:57).

I do not think we should train models where we cannot make a safety case for why we will be able to make strong statements about their controllability and alignment.

Gary Marcus wrote on 16 September 2026 that he has zero confidence Altman would choose to do the right thing for humanity, and that this is why federal regulation is needed.

Having watched the man for years, I have zero confidence that Altman would choose to “do the right thing” for humanity, and that’s precisely why we need federal regulations.

At Dreamforce (15 September 2026) he said open source models should not be stopped, but a huge cyber threat is coming (20:01).

Clearly, we should not stop open source models from happening. That's important. But there is going to be this huge cyber threat that's going to come.

Stripe published "Sam Altman in conversation with Patrick Collison" on its official YouTube channel on 19 May 2026 (56:31); the talk was held at Stripe Sessions 2026 (28-30 April, San Francisco), and Stripe publishes the full transcript on stripe.com.

Channel: Stripe (official). Uploaded 19 May 2026; the talk was held on 29 April 2026 ... Length 56:31.

blog.samaltman.com is titled Sam Altman and offers an Atom feed (https://blog.samaltman.com/posts.atom).

Wikidata official website. Runs on Posthaven. Atom feed: https://blog.samaltman.com/posts.atom.

openai.com is the site of the company he runs (CEO per openai.com/our-structure/).

Found in the page's code

OpenAI's YouTube channel is linked from the openai.com footer.

Found as a link in the page's code: youtube.com/OpenAI

OpenAI's LinkedIn page is linked from the openai.com footer.

Found as a link in the page's code: linkedin.com/company/openai

The OpenAI Podcast episode 1, with him as guest and Andrew Mayne as host, was published on OpenAI's YouTube channel on 18 June 2025 (40 minutes).

Sam Altman on AGI, GPT-5, and what's next, the OpenAI Podcast Ep. 1

C-SPAN's YouTube channel carries his UN Security Council briefing of 23 September 2026 as a 9-minute clip (9:14).

UN Security Council, 23 Sep 2026, Altman's briefing as a 9:14 clip on C-SPAN's channel

Norges Bank Investment Management published his In Good Company episode on 5 September 2023 (49 minutes).

Sam Altman CEO of OpenAI, In Good Company

“Our principles” (26 April 2026), signed by Altman, sets out five principles, the first being democratization against concentration of power.

1. Democratization. We will resist the potential of this technology to consolidate power in the hands of the few.

Commons file “Sam Altman speaking at TED”, by Steve Jurvetson, 11 April 2025, CC BY 2.0.

Sam Altman seated on a stage at TED, in a grey sweater and jeans, looking into the camera. ... Date: 11 April 2025

Commons file: Sam Altman on stage at TechCrunch Disrupt San Francisco 2019, Moscone Convention Center, 3 October 2019; photo by Steve Jennings/Getty Images for TechCrunch, released by TechCrunch under CC BY 2.0.

Sam Altman, then OpenAI's CEO, speaking on stage at TechCrunch Disrupt San Francisco 2019, ... Date: 3 October 2019, Moscone Convention Center, San Francisco

Commons file: left to right, Greg Brockman, then OpenAI's chairman and CTO, Sam Altman, then its CEO, and TechCrunch news editor Frederic Lardinois at TechCrunch Disrupt, 3 October 2019.

left to right, Greg Brockman, then OpenAI's chairman and CTO, Sam Altman, then its CEO, and ... TechCrunch news editor Frederic Lardinois, on stage at TechCrunch Disrupt. ... Date: 3 October 2019

Official White House photo by Adam Schultz, 4 May 2023: President Joe Biden joins a meeting of Vice President Kamala Harris with AI company chief executives in the Roosevelt Room; Altman sits on the left side of the table (his name card).

President Joe Biden stands to speak, with Vice President Kamala Harris seated beside him, at a ... meeting with AI company chief executives in the Roosevelt Room. Altman sits on the left side of the table, ... Date: 4 May 2023

Photo by Simon Walker / No 10 Downing Street, 24 May 2023: Prime Minister Rishi Sunak meets Sam Altman with Demis Hassabis and Dario Amodei.

Prime Minister Rishi Sunak (right) meets Sam Altman (centre) with Demis Hassabis and Dario ... Date: 24 May 2023

Prime Minister's Office of Japan, 3 February 2025: Sam Altman (left) with Masayoshi Son of SoftBank and Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba at the Prime Minister's Office in Tokyo.

Sam Altman (left) stands for a group photo with SoftBank's Masayoshi Son and Prime Minister ... Shigeru Ishiba, and a fourth man, at the Prime Minister's Office in Tokyo. ... Date: 3 February 2025

Official White House photo by Andrea Hanks, 4 September 2025: a dinner for business and technology leaders in the State Dining Room, hosted by President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump; Altman is right of centre in a dark jacket.

a dinner for business and technology leaders in the State Dining Room of the White House, ... hosted by President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump. Altman is the man in a dark jacket, right of ... Date: 4 September 2025

The UN transcript of the Security Council's 10228th meeting, held on 23 September, records the President inviting Sam Altman, Chief Executive Officer of OpenAI, to brief the Council together with Yoshua Bengio, Dario Amodei and Clement Delangue.

The 10228th meeting of the Security Council is called to order. ... In accordance with Rule 39 of the Council's Provisional Rules of Procedure, I invite the following briefers to participate in this meeting: Mr. Yoshua Bengio, Professor, Co-Chair of the UN International Independent Panel on AI; Mr. Sam Altman, Chief Executive Officer, OpenAI; Mr. Dario Amodei, Chief Executive Officer, Anthropic; and Mr. Clement Delangue, Chief Executive Officer, Hugging Face. ... I now give the floor to Mr. Sam Altman.

Wikidata's entry for Sam Altman (Q7407093) lists https://blog.samaltman.com/ as his official website.

official website https://blog.samaltman.com/